Saturday, February 15, 2020

Second Language Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Second Language - Assignment Example It is noticing that ensures that input becomes intake before any processing takes place. This is a pre-requisite for the learner's integration into the developing inter-language system. Noticing thus the first stage in second language acquisition. (Gass, 1988) Balestone emphasizes on the importance of noticing by calling the "real gateway to subsequent learning". (Balestone, 1994) This has been asserted by Lynch as well who claims that noticing is the most essential ingredient of successful language learning. (Lynch, 2001) Various other researchers have marked out and pointed the importance of noticing in second language acquisition. Sharwood and Rutherford are to name a few. They believe that noticing leads to the other subsequent stages before the language is acquired in its entirety. After noticing, the processing phase takes form and once processing starts, the language gets integrated into the learner's mind. However noticing can be of various, forms. It can be in both conscious as well as unconscious states of mind. According to some authors, the assertion that "noticing the gap" is a conscious process is not right. They feel that it can't be a conscious process and there are far too many differences in languages that can be acquired consciously. It is not as simple as it looks like, but is a rather complex. Apart from this Truscott has criticized these founding's claiming that the foundations of hypothesis in cognitive psychology is weak and it can't be based on rational theory of languages. He feels that noticing is not a very legitimate and strong factor in second language acquisition. He believes that noticing is only important for the acquisition of met linguistic language which is acquiring the ability to change words, fill gaps, adapt to sentence manipulations and dictate grammar rules. Noticing acts a mediary between the input and the memory systems. Spotlight consciousness is given by short term memory and is instantiated by various influences on noticing. These are the main factors that influence noticing: Instruction, silence, task demand, perceptual silence, skills, frequency and comparing. Instruction plays an important role in laying the foundations for expectation settings about the language which are noticed by observers and adapted accordingly. Another language feature that is of considerable importance is frequency which comes up due to repeated use of the language by teachers. This helps the learner notice the features of the language and eventually learn them accordingly. Skills set required to be incommunicado for a particular language is yet another important element that assists noticing of language in humans. Q2) Corrective Feedback in Second Language Learning What are the types of feedback Different terms have been used interchangeably that identify corrective feedback in the second language acquisition literature. Some of these terms are corrective feedback, negative evidence and negative feedback. According to Chaudron (Chaudron, 1992) the word corrective feedback can be layered down to mean different things. A "treatment of error" could mean any teaching behavior that follows after an error has been made. These steps aim to inform the learner of the facts of the error. The treatment will not be observed from the student's response but it would rather work to

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Justice - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that the criminal justice system protects the citizens from the criminal elements. The system includes the United States courts of law. First, the criminal justice system includes the collection of federal agencies, state agencies, and local agencies that focus on monitoring and resolving the United States’ criminal incidents. Each department has the responsibility and as well as authority to process suspects in any reported crime under its jurisdiction. Likewise, each department must take control of and ensure custody of each defendant in any crime. Lastly, each department shall ensure each convicted felon serves each sentence that the courts render on each suspect or defendant. In addition, the legislative branch of the United States government creates the basic framework of each criminal justice department. Ralph Henham insists the criminal justice laws must shift to the restorative justice concept. The concept sta tes that each convicted felon is trained by the penitentiary to drop their evil ways become productive members of society, after serving their jail sentences. In addition, judicial branch of the United States implements its own basic framework for each criminal justice department to implement. Geoffrey Scarre emphasizes the courts include mitigating or aggravating circumstances when deciding cases. Finally, the executive branch of the United States government implements its own tenets for each criminal justice organization. ... Mental disorders among the juveniles significantly increase the possibility of their arrests. However, other research findings indicate the criminal justice organization must be cautious or compassionate when arresting or taking custody of the confused juvenile delinquent, especially those with acquired deficit activities and opposition defiant problems. Further, the prisons are responsible for monitoring the convicted felons and suspects within penitentiaries. Bean Philip (1999) reiterated the technology reduces the cost to hire more jail guards and within the penitentiary. Technology includes the use of CCTV cameras replace human beings as keepers of the peace and surveillance tools within the jail premises. In addition, the courts weigh the evidences as basis passing judgment. K. Douglas (Douglas, 1997) reiterates the Jury used photographic evidences to strengthen the guilty verdict. In addition, bureaucracy maximizes the criminal justice organization’s efficiency. However, the line and staff organization reduces flexibility. During some occasion, the bureaucracy is synonymous with the red tape. Red tape means there are too many unnecessary rules, laws, or policies that may hinder fast, effective, and efficient implementation of the justice. Often bureaucracy impedes immediate implementation of justice. The leadership in criminal justice organizations. Ron Cacioppe (1997) accentuates leadership wisdom is of prime importance in the criminal justice organization. First, the leaders must hone their current skills in critical thinking. Next, the leaders of the criminal justice organization should enhance their current crisis leadership prowess. In addition, the criminal justice system’s leaders must improve their present change management